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BACKGROUND Previous literature shows that current osteochondral allograft (OCA) harvesting techniques lead to donor plug chondrocyte death during OCA transplant for treating focal knee cartilage defects. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of drilling/reaming speed and irrigation temperature on chondrocyte viability during OCA harvest. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS From each human femoral

Background Head?acceleration events (HAEs) are an increasing concern in collision sports owing to potential negative health outcomes. Objectives The objective of this study is to describe the probabilities of HAEs in tackles of differing heights and body positions in elite men’s and women’s rugby union. Methods Instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) were worn in men’s (n?=?24 teams, 508 players, 782 observations)

Background: The concept of early intervention at the appropriate time has been recognized for treating posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). However, the optimal intervention timing to achieve superior therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. In addition, there is a lack of direct evidence regarding therapeutic efficacies achieved at different time points. Hypothesis: The administration schedule of stem/stromal

Background Perceived physical competence (e.g. perceived motor skills, perceived athletic competence) is hypothesised to mediate the association between actual motor competence and physical activity in children, and this mediated association is expected to be stronger in older children and adolescents. However, no meta-analyses to date have synthesised the hypothesised mediation effect. Objectives

Background Previous research has shown that variants in the AMPD1 gene, which encodes the adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) protein, may affect energy supply of the muscle and fatigue resistance during high-intensity exercise. A single nucleotide substitution in this gene, specifically a cytosine-to-thymine substitution (c.34C?>?T; rs17602729), results in a nonsense mutation that causes a

There is substantial international literature on single- and mixed-sex grouping in physical education (PE), much of which focuses on the relative impact on students’ physical activity levels, perceived self-confidence and/or interactions with teachers and peers. A smaller body of research has explored students’ perspectives on single- and/or mixed-sex grouping in PE. However, much of this research

This study explores how newly qualified physical education (PE) teachers experience the meaning of feedback through reflections on their assessment practices. We focus on the use, purpose, and content of feedback in PE practice. Assessment practices in PE have generally been used for grading purposes, often with little connection to the preceding teaching and learning. The educational quality of feedback

This current opinion article evaluates the rationale for delaying or modifying tackling in youth contact sports until age 12?years. There is growing concern that young athletes may be at heightened risk of sports-related concussions (SRC) and other injuries due to their developing brains and less-developed neuromuscular control. Recent studies exploring non-tackle formats, weight categories and body-checking

Background In the realm of sports medicine, understanding the biomechanics of head impacts, particularly in contact sports such as rugby, is of utmost interest for injury prevention and player safety. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to consolidate existing knowledge on head impacts in rugby using wearable sensor technology, focusing on peak linear acceleration, peak rotational

Background Myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD) is a master transcription factor that triggers myogenesis and drives muscle growth. Objective The aim was to assess acute exercise-induced MyoD mRNA expression in skeletal muscle for young and older (age?>?50) adults. Design A meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted. Methods A literature search was conducted for studies reporting MyoD mRNA

Background Resistance training (RT) specificity has been confirmed for movement patterns (e.g., multi-joint or single joint), movement velocities, ranges of motion, and contraction types (e.g., dynamic vs isometric). However, a systematic analysis of the effects of dynamic mass-loaded (e.g., isoinertial) RT on dynamic versus isometric strength tests is lacking. Objective We aimed to examine the specific

Background The influence of repetitive head impacts on collegiate football players remains unclear as prior research is often limited to small samples or short-term studies focused on single seasons. Objective Our objective was to determine the associations between collegiate football career or incident concussion and changes in neurocognitive function, postural stability, and physical and psychological

Background: Efforts to decrease pain, improve early rehabilitation, and reduce opioid consumption have prompted a focus on peripheral nerve blocks for pain management after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The commonly used adductor canal block (ACB) might not provide sufficient postoperative pain control because of its lack of coverage of the posterior aspect of the knee. The addition

Background: Patients undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) have been shown to achieve clinically significant outcomes (CSOs) at high rates. However, limited studies, to date, have identified independent predictors of achieving CSOs at a minimum 10-year follow-up, and even fewer studies have reported on patients treated with contemporary hip arthroscopic

Background: The J-sign is a marker of abnormal patellar tracking and is associated with bony abnormalities. When patella alta is present, distal tibial tubercle osteotomy (dTTO) can enable the patella to engage in a more distal/deeper groove, often eliminating the J-sign. Purpose: To determine which anatomic findings are associated with a persistent J-sign after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction

Background: Irreparable acetabular labral defects often require acetabular labral reconstruction (ALR) to restore hip joint health and function. Optimal graft choices for ALR have not been fully delineated. Hypothesis: Fresh meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) will be associated with cellular, extracellular matrix, geometric, and integration characteristics that mimic native acetabular labrum

Sport science researchers and practitioners have noted a gap between research and practice for some time. Although several solutions have been proposed, few recommendations have been made for researchers to follow that are based on successful, long-term sport science research programmes aimed at translating research into practice. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to outline a decade of work

Background: Lateral hinge fractures (LHFs) are considered risk factors for delayed union or nonunion after medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomies (MOWHTOs). However, there is limited evidence on the extent to which the morphology of the hinge fracture influences the stability of a MOWHTO. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to validate the Takeuchi classification under axial and torsional

Background: Sagittal-plane slope-reducing high tibial osteotomy (HTO) can reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in knees with a high posterior tibial slope. The biomechanical effect of slope-reducing HTO on tibiofemoral kinematics and force carried by the ACL remains less well understood. Hypothesis: Decreased tibial slope will be associated with decreased ACL force, coupled internal

Background: Gluteus medius and/or minimus (GM) repair has been shown to provide improved patient-reported outcomes (PROs), yet few studies have established how postoperative physical therapy (PT) after GM repair affects patient recovery. Purpose: To (1) evaluate the trajectory of patient improvement after GM repair during PT and (2) identify how the duration of PT influences minimum 2-year PROs. Study

Background: Latarjet is the gold standard procedure for treating anterior shoulder instability associated with significant bone loss. However, concerns arise regarding associated anatomic and mechanical changes, including release of the pectoralis minor tendon and alteration of the conjoint tendon vector. Recent studies have investigated alterations in scapular position and motion after Latarjet, with

Background: Trochleoplasty aims to correct trochlear dysplasia, an osseous cause of patellar instability. The procedure involves the use of a high-speed bur directly under femoral articular cartilage, which may place chondrocytes at risk of thermal necrosis. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation and offset used during a trochleoplasty procedure on

Background: Chondrocyte-based cell therapy remains a promising method for cartilage repair, despite limitations faced during the last 30 years. Purpose/Hypothesis: This work presents hyaline-like bioengineered beads from donor chondrocytes as a novel treatment option for cartilage lesions. It was hypothesized that the implanted cartilage minigrafts would be able to treat cartilage lesions by complete

Background: Both tibial spine fractures (TSFs) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears result in functional loss of knee stability. Nonetheless, it remains unclear why some patients sustain ACL tears, whereas others have TSFs. Purpose: To identify the common morphological risk factors for pediatric ACL tears and TSFs and to determine the morphological differences between them using multiplanar reconstruction

Scientific literature has shown that Cooperative Learning can benefit physical, cognitive, and social learning. However, the potential benefits for affective learning are less clear to date. This study examined the relationship between a Cooperative Learning model intervention in physical education and the students’ self-perception dimensions. Furthermore, gender differences regarding the study variables

Background: Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) can treat pain, dysfunction, and decreased activity secondary to hip dysplasia. Patients’ pre- and postoperative activity can be measured using the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score, a validated questionnaire. Understanding return to and maintenance of activity at long-term follow-up after PAO is a priority for active patients. Purpose:

Background Head acceleration is often used as a proxy measurement for concussion risk. It is unclear what factors contribute to head acceleration during a purposeful header. Objective The objective of this systematic is to identify what factors influence head acceleration during a header and highlight areas that have not been explored. Methods Studies were included if they assessed the effect of an

Background Resistance exercise training is an effective treatment strategy to counteract the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength in older adults. However, there is a large inter-individual variation in muscle fiber hypertrophy following resistance exercise training. It has been hypothesized that a less than optimal muscle fiber capillarization and perfusion capacity may compromise muscle hypertrophy

Background: The Ankle-GO is a composite outcome score based on 4 functional tests and 2 patient-reported outcome measures. It was initially described and validated for its ability to predict return to sports (RTS) at the same level of play after lateral ankle sprains. Purpose/Hypothesis: The main aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Ankle-GO in patients after Achilles

Background: Concomitant injuries after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear differ between sports, which may be related to divergent loading patterns. Bone bruises (BBs) can provide insight into the biomechanical injury mechanism. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare BB patterns and concomitant injuries after noncontact ACL tears between pivoting sports athletes and alpine

Background Professional soccer players are advised to consume 3–8?g?kg–1 body mass?day–1 of carbohydrate (CHO) on the basis of training demands, fixture schedule and personal objectives. However, owing to the lack of randomized controlled trials on elite players, these guidelines largely rely on data interpretation and practitioner experience. Objective To identify the gaps in existing literature that

Since the late 20th century, school–university partnerships have been promoted as collaborative efforts in teacher education. Traditionally, in such partnerships, university teacher educators oversaw cooperating teachers who supervised pre-service teachers (PSTs) in a hierarchical structure. In parallel with a growing movement for teacher educators to adopt activist roles challenging societal oppressions

Field-based sport research involves studies that collect data from athletes and/or teams during competition and/or their daily training environments. Over the last decade, sport-specific field-based research projects have significantly increased in number and complexity, partially owing to the further development of more portable measurement equipment (e.g., indirect calorimetry, desktop blood/gas

Background In response to exercise, protein kinases and signaling networks are engaged to blunt homeostatic threats generated by acute contraction-induced increases in skeletal muscle energy and oxygen demand, as well as serving roles in the adaptive response to chronic exercise training to blunt future disruptions to homeostasis. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient exercise

While research on rural education has increased over the last decade, the focus on physical education (PE) in this body of knowledge is limited. The purpose of this scoping review was twofold: (1) to offer an overview of the international research on PE in rural schools, and (2) to discuss and analyse the existing body of literature on rural PE. Specifically, we explored the question: what do we know

Background: Although a recent systematic review found that latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (LDTT) granted comparable outcomes in shoulders with massive rotator cuff tears (mRCTs) versus those with failed rotator cuff repair (RCR), some studies found inferior outcomes after failed RCR. Purpose: To compare the clinical and functional outcomes, as well as complication rates, of patients who underwent

Background Various exercise interventions are recommended to reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in females. However, the extent to which these training interventions influence lower-limb landing biomechanics in youth female remains unclear. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively summarise the effectiveness of various training interventions

Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation is the primary procedure used to collect haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation in individuals with haematological malignancies. More than 90,000 HSC transplants take place globally each year, and there is an increasing need to guarantee HSC mobilisation, improve tolerability to apheresis, and optimise immune reconstitution. Currently, mobilisation

Background: The utilization of new pitch-tracking metrics has driven player development and provides more predictive pitch-specific data on physical characteristics and performance. Given the differences in each pitcher's arsenal, these pitch-specific metrics provide new potential variables to investigate ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury risk. Purpose: To evaluate the association of several pitch-specific

Background: Multiple techniques have been utilized to measure posterior tibial slope (PTS) without consensus on which imaging modality, view, and axis combination is most consistent for risk assessment and preoperative planning in primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. An exclusively proximal-based measurement of PTS has yet to be defined. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of

Background: Patients with posterolateral rotational instability (PLRI) of the elbow exhibit a higher degree of joint incongruence on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) than patients without PLRI. However, the influence of joint hypermobility and position of the elbow in healthy participants is yet unknown. Purpose: To analyze the influence of general hypermobility and elbow joint position on joint congruence

Background: A steep posterior tibial slope (PTS) and excessive anterior tibial subluxation of the lateral compartment (ASLC) have been considered to be associated with inferior graft outcomes in primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Case series studies have demonstrated that combined slope-reducing tibial osteotomy can greatly improve knee functional scores and stability in

Body-related self-conscious emotions (e.g., shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment), which are particularly salient in sport, are foundational to adolescents' attention and performance. Adolescents' (N = 72) self-conscious emotions and attention were examined using self-reported single-item measures across 4 days. After completing these measures, adolescents' reaction time was measured using a hand

Background Using directly measured cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e. VO2max) in epidemiological/population studies is rare due to practicality issues. As such, predicting VO2max is an attractive alternative. Most equations that predict VO2max adopt additive rather than multiplicative models despite evidence that the latter provides superior fits and more biologically interpretable models. Furthermore

Teacher education faculty members are disciplinary stewards who have a responsibility for advancing their field through research, teaching, and engagement activities. Engagement can include working in schools with inservice teachers as facilitators of professional development (PD). Not all teacher educators spent time teaching in schools before assuming faculty roles, however, and those without teaching

Post-exercise recovery strategies influence the body’s ability to restore physiological homeostasis, replenish energy stores, repair muscle damage, and promote desired adaptations, which improve exercise performance. This narrative review examines the impact of nutritional strategies commonly used for enhancing recovery and subsequent exercise performance, particularly when athletes face short recovery

Background Soccer requires players to cover distances around 10–12?km, with numerous consecutive sprints throughout the 90-min game. As such, aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability (RSA) are crucial physical qualities for the modern soccer player to cope with the demands of the game. However, a comprehensive and systematic search of aerobic fitness and RSA assessment procedures in elite soccer

Background Concerns exist about the prevalence of abuse directed towards sports officials and its impact on their mental health; however, sports officiating can also be a rewarding experience. Objectives The present study aimed to identify the frequency and determinants of both positive (e.g. praise, appreciation, apologies) and negative (e.g. verbal abuse, physical abuse, social media abuse) officiating

Background: Ankle sprains in American football resulting from external rotation and eversion (EE) mechanisms remain a persistent injury that often involves player-to-player contact. Currently, there is little research that describes the frequency or source of this contact in American football and what scenarios are responsible for these injuries across different player positions. Purpose: To identify

Background: One-fifth of patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) have bilateral symptoms. Performing bilateral hip arthroscopy on the same day minimizes the overall rehabilitation period compared with staged bilateral surgery, but most studies of outcomes from simultaneous surgery are in small cohorts. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to compare clinical outcome and revision rates between

Background: The superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) is commonly injured, with treatment varying based on associated injuries, tear grade, and location. However, the prevalence of different tear locations and the predictors of tear types have not been studied. Purpose: To evaluate the interrater and intrarater reliability for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based sMCL classification system

It is now well-established that exercise can disturb various aspects of gastrointestinal integrity and function. The pathophysiology of these perturbations, termed “exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS),” can lead to exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptom (Ex-GIS) inconveniences. EIGS outcomes can impact physical performance and may lead to clinical manifestation warranting medical

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in female basketball players, who have a 2 to 3 times higher risk for an ACL injury than their male counterparts. Improving our understanding of the situations and biomechanics that result in an ACL injury in basketball players may support the design of more effective programs to mitigate the injury risk. Purpose: To describe the injury

Background Static stretching (SS) is routinely used in sports and clinical settings to increase joint range of motion (ROM). However, the mechanisms underlying improvements in ROM remain unclear. Objective We aimed to determine the effects of a single session (acute) and multiple sessions (chronic) of SS on stretch tolerance, passive stiffness and fascicle length, and whether such effects are moderated

Physical education is now examined as part of the Leaving Certificate in Ireland. The primary aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between preservice physical education teachers’ perceived and assessed Leaving Certificate Physical Education (LCPE) subject-specific knowledge, referred to as common content knowledge (CCK). In total, 30 participants (73% female; undergraduate, n = 15; postgraduate

Physical education (PE) offers an optimal setting for promoting higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and reducing sedentary behaviour (SB). This study examines the MVPA and SB among elementary schoolchildren during an obstacle course-based PE lesson and compares it to a traditional PE lesson, with the same students participating in both conditions. Moreover, it explores how gender,